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Climate Change: The Unseen Storm Reshaping Our Future 1. Introduction: Understanding the Climate Crisis Climate change is no longer a distant warning—it is a reality we live in today. From scorching summers to devastating floods, the signs are everywhere. While many people think of it as just “global warming,” climate change is much broader: it includes rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, melting ice, and the loss of biodiversity. It is not only an environmental problem but also a social, economic, and political challenge that affects every living being on Earth. 2. Historical Perspective: How Did We Get Here? To understand the present crisis, we must look back. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century marked the beginning of large-scale coal and oil usage. Factories, transportation, and urban expansion drastically increased carbon emissions. Forests were cleared to make way for agriculture and cities, reducing Earth’s natural ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Over tim...

Introduction: An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interacting with each other and their physical environment (soil, water, air, climate). The term emphasizes the interconnectedness of all life forms with the environment. Ecosystems can be of any size, ranging from a small pond to an entire forest or ocean. It functions as a unit where energy flows and nutrients cycle, maintaining the balance of nature. The concept of the ecosystem helps us understand the relationship between organisms and their environment and the importance of maintaining ecological balance. History of Ecosystem Concept: The term “ecosystem” was first coined by Arthur Tansley in 1935. Tansley emphasized the study of both organisms and their physical environment as a functional unit. The concept evolved to include the flow of energy, cycling of nutrients, and interdependence of organisms in an environment. Over time, ecosystems have been classified, studied, and used to des...

Introduction: The term "xenobiotic" comes from the Greek words "xenos" (foreign) and "bios" (life). Xenobiotics are substances that are foreign to a living organism or ecological system. These compounds are not naturally produced or expected to be present in the body or the environment. They can include drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, pesticides, and other synthetic chemicals. With rapid industrialization and modern lifestyle, the presence of xenobiotics in human life has increased significantly, creating both beneficial applications and serious concerns for health and the environment. This article will explore xenobiotics, their examples, metabolism, advantages, and disadvantages in detail. What Are Xenobiotics? Xenobiotics are defined as "chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system." Unlike natural metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids, xenobiotics are not naturally synthesized by the organi...

1 Introduction : Sewage (or domestic sewage, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is typically transported through sewer system. sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality. There are two sub-types of sewage such as greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers and clothes washers) and blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from dishwashing and food quantities may be increased where garbage disposal units are used. In regions where toilet paper is used rather than bidets, that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains micro-pollutants and macro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some municipal salid waste and pollutants from industrial wastewater. 1.2 Difference between s...